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This chapter is intended to provide readers with a rational approach to managing orbital injuries based on clinical and radiographic findings and to review the currently available adjuncts that can be used to optimize treatment outcomes. The application of minimally invasive, endoscopically assisted, transantral approaches to the orbits, which in selected cases obviates the need for a lower lid incision

The development of intraoperative navigation (frameless stereotaxy) and intraoperative CT scanners, which allow precise placement of implants or bone grafts, as well as confirmation of adequate reduction before leaving the operating room Refined alloplastic materials, which have largely replaced the once “gold standard” of calvarial bone grafts for use in the internal orbitĪpplication of computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling (CAD/CAM) to maxillofacial surgery, which has provided a means to precisely analyze, segmentalize, and manipulate virtual images in advance of surgery to perform an ideal virtual reconstruction, as well as the construction of custom implants or guide stents Improved imaging modalities, such as high-resolution computed tomography (CT), which has resulted in a much greater ability to recognize, qualify, and quantify orbital injuries than was possible in the pre-CT scan era Several technologic advances have occurred in the last 3 decades that have had a significant impact on the management of patients with orbital injuries, including the following: A, Severe mid-facial and orbital fractures resulting in orbital dystopia, telecanthus, and cranial neuropathy.